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Information Roots fusiform or cylindrical, fleshy or woody. Stems 5–12(–20) dm. Basal leaves: petiole to 60 cm (broadly expanded basally); blade broadly oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate, (10–)20–45(–60) cm × (30–)50–120(–170) mm, margins usually coarsely crenate, rarely pinnatifid. Cauline leaves: proximal shortly petiolate, blade oblong to linear-oblong (lobed), smaller than basal, margins pinnatifid or pinnatisect; distal sessile or shortly petiolate, blade linear to linear-lanceolate, base cuneate or attenuate, margins usually serrate or crenate, rarely entire. Racemes to 40 cm. Fruiting pedicels ascending, 8–20 mm. Flowers: sepals 2–4 mm; petals obovate or oblanceolate, 5–7(–8) mm, claw to 1.5 mm; filaments 1–2.5 mm; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm. Fruits (rarely produced), 4–6 mm; style obsolete or to 0.5 mm; stigma well-developed. Seeds compressed (often not produced, rarely to 4 per locule). 2n = 32.

Information Perennials; (aquatic or of mesic habitats, with rootstocks); not scapose; glabrous. Stems erect, branched distally. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate and sessile; basal rosulate, long-petiolate, blade margins crenate or pinnatifid [entire]; cauline petiolate or sessile distally, blade margins crenate, serrate, pinnatifid, pinnatisect [laciniate]. Racemes ([often corymbose-paniculate], several-flowered), considerably elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels ascending, divaricate, or slightly reflexed, slender. Flowers: sepals spreading or ascending, ovate or oblong, lateral pair not saccate basally, (glabrous); petals white, obovate, or oblanceolate [spatulate, oblong], claw somewhat differentiated from blade (relatively short, apex obtuse); stamens slightly tetradynamous; filaments slightly dilated basally; anthers ovate [oblong or linear], (apex obtuse); nectar glands confluent, subtending bases of stamens, median glands present. Fruits: silicles, sessile, oblong, ovate, elliptic, or orbicular, angustiseptate; valves each not veined; replum rounded; septum perforated or reduced to a rim; ovules 8–12[–20] per ovary; style obsolete or distinct; stigma capitate, (sometimes 2-lobed). Seeds biseriate, plump, not winged, ovate [oblong]; seed coat (punctate) not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent.

Information Annuals or perennials; (caudex simple or branched), [rhizomatous]; not scapose. Stems erect or ascending [decumbent], unbranched or branched distally. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; basal rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins usually entire or palmately lobed, rarely dentate or pinnatifid, (pinnately or palmately veined); cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate or sagittate-amplexicaul), margins entire or repand [dentate, crenate], (pinnately or palmately veined, ultimate veins sometimes ending with apiculate callosities). Racemes (corymbose). Fruiting pedicels divaricate to ascending, slender or stout. Flowers: sepals ovate or oblong; petals usually spatulate, rarely obovate, claw not differentiated from blade, (apex obtuse to emarginate); stamens slightly tetradynamous; filaments slightly dilated basally; anthers ovate or oblong, (apex obtuse); nectar glands confluent, often subtending bases of stamens, median glands present or absent. Fruits sessile or shortly stipitate, linear or oblong [ovoid, lanceoloid], smooth or torulose, terete, slightly 4-angled, latiseptate, or angustiseptate; valves each with obscure or prominent midvein; replum rounded; septum complete or perforated; ovules [2–](6–)8–96 per ovary; stigma capitate. Seeds usually uniseriate, rarely biseriate, plump, not winged, oblong or ovoid; seed coat (usually obscurely reticulate, rarely foveolate or papillate), often not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent [rarely accumbent].